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The Search for the Cause and Treatment of Diabetes.
Although Diabetes Mellitus was first described in an ancient Egyptian papyrus and the term used in ancient Greece in the second century AD, it was not until the 19th century that diabetes was linked with damaged pancreases found in early autopsies.
Prior to the discovery of insulin and the synthization of insulin from animal and human pancreases, diabetics were unsuccessfully treated with pancreatic extracts, opium, extra sugar and near starvation. Pancreatic extract created in the 1910s had such severe side effects from contamination, their occasional success was discounted.
Finally in 1922 the insulin molecule was isolated and purified to an extent that an American scientist, Macleod, announced the discovery of insulin. Some six years later insulin was identified as a protein. The purification process continued until 1960s when the first purified insulin was produced. Since that time rapid-acting and intermediate-to-long-acting insulin has been developed and in 1979, through modern DNA techniques, human insulin was produced.
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